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The Soma cube is a solid dissection puzzle invented by Piet Hein in 1933^[1] during a lecture on quantum mechanics conducted by Werner Heisenberg. Its name is alleged to be derived from the fictitious drug soma consumed as a pastime by the establishment in Aldous Huxley's dystopic novel Brave New World.^[2]

Seven pieces made out of unit cubes must be assembled into a 3×3×3 cube. The pieces can also be used to make a variety of other 3D shapes.

The pieces of the Soma cube consist of all possible combinations of three or four unit cubes, joined at their faces, such that at least one inside corner is formed. There is one combination of three cubes that satisfies this condition, and six combinations of four cubes that satisfy this condition, of which two are mirror images of each other (see Chirality). Thus, 3 + (6 × 4) is 27, which is exactly the number of cells in a 3×3×3 cube.

The Soma cube was analyzed in detail by John Horton Conway in the September 1958 Mathematical Games column in Scientific American, and the book Winning Ways for your Mathematical Plays also contains a detailed analysis of the Soma cube problem.

There are 240 distinct solutions of the Soma cube puzzle, excluding rotations and reflections: these are easily generated by a simple recursivebacktracking search computer program similar to that used for the eight queens puzzle. Current world record for the fastest time to solve a soma cube is 2.93 seconds and was set by Krishnam Raju Gadiraju, India.^[3]

Pieces[edit]

The seven Soma pieces are six polycubes of order four, and one of order three:

• Piece 1, or 'V'.
• Piece 2, or 'L': a row of three blocks with one added below the left side.
• Piece 3, or 'T': a row of three blocks with one added below the center.
• Piece 4, or 'Z': bent tetromino with block placed on outside of clockwise side.
• Piece 5, or 'A': unit cube placed on top of clockwise side. Chiral in 3D.
• Piece 6, or 'B': unit cube placed on top of anticlockwise side. Chiral in 3D.
• Piece 7, or 'P': unit cube placed on bend. Not chiral in 3D.^[4]

Production[edit]

Piet Hein authorized a finely crafted rosewood version of the Soma cube manufactured by Theodor Skjøde Knudsen's company Skjøde Skjern (of Denmark). Beginning in about 1967, it was marketed in the U.S. for several years by the game manufacturer Parker Brothers. Plastic Soma cube sets were also commercially produced by Parker Brothers in several colors (blue, red, and orange) during the 1970s. The package for the Parker Brothers version claimed there were 1,105,920 possible solutions. This figure includes rotations and reflections of each solution as well as rotations of the individual pieces. The puzzle is currently sold as a logic game by ThinkFun (formerly Binary Arts) under the name Block by Block.

Solutions[edit]

Solving the Soma cube has been used as a task to measure individuals' performance and effort in a series of psychology experiments. In these experiments, test subjects are asked to solve a soma cube as many times as possible within a set period of time. For example, In 1969, Edward Deci, a Carnegie Mellon University graduate assistant at the time,^[5] asked his research subjects to solve a soma cube under conditions with varying incentives in his dissertation work on intrinsic and extrinsic motivation establishing the social psychological theory of crowding out.

In each of the 240 solutions to the cube puzzle, there is only one place that the 'T' piece can be placed. Each solved cube can be rotated such that the 'T' piece is on the bottom with its long edge along the front and the 'tongue' of the 'T' in the bottom center cube (this is the normalized position of the large cube). This can be proven as follows: If you consider all the possible ways that the 'T' piece can be placed in the large cube (without regard to any of the other pieces), it will be seen that it will always fill either two corners of the large cube or zero corners. There is no way to orient the 'T' piece such that it fills only one corner of the large cube. The 'L' piece can be oriented such that it fills two corners, or one corner, or zero corners. Each of the other five pieces have no orientation that fills two corners; they can fill either one corner or zero corners. Therefore, if you exclude the 'T' piece, the maximum number of corners that can be filled by the remaining six pieces is seven (one corner each for five pieces, plus two corners for the 'L' piece). A cube has eight corners. But the 'T' piece cannot be oriented to fill just that one remaining corner, and orienting it such that it fills zero corners will obviously not make a cube. Therefore, the 'T' must always fill two corners, and there is only one orientation (discounting rotations and reflections) in which it does that. It also follows from this that in all solutions, five of the remaining six pieces will fill their maximum number of corners and one piece will fill one fewer than its maximum (this is called the deficient piece).^[6]

Similar puzzles[edit]

Similar to Soma cube is the 3D pentomino puzzle, which can fill boxes of 2×3×10, 2×5×6 and 3×4×5 units.

The Bedlam cube is a 4×4×4 sided cube puzzle consisting of twelve pentacubes and one tetracube. The Diabolical cube is a puzzle of six polycubes that can be assembled together to form a single 3×3×3 cube.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^Ole Poul Pedersen (February 2010). Thorleif Bundgaard (ed.). 'The birth of SOMA'. Retrieved 2010-12-04.
2. ^Cf. Martin Gardner (1961). The 2nd Scientific American Book of Mathematical Puzzles & Diversions. New York: Simon & Schuster. Reprinted in 1987 by University of Chicago Press, ISBN0-226-28253-8, p. 65 (online).
3. ^'Fastest time to complete a Soma cube'. guinnessworldrecords.com.
4. ^Bundgaard, Thorleif. 'Why are the pieces labelled as they are'. SOMA News. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
5. ^Pink, Daniel H. (2009). 'Drive, The Surprising Truth About What Motivates Us'. Riverhead Books.
6. ^Kustes, William (May 18, 2003), 'The complete 'SOMAP' is found', SOMA News, retrieved April 25, 2014.

External links[edit]

The online Rubik's Cube™ solver calculates the steps needed to solve a scrambled Rubik's Cube from any valid starting position. Enter the colors of your puzzle and click the Solve button. Wait for the program to find the solution then follow the steps to solve your cube.

Use this application to play with the Rubik's Cube online. Hit the Scramble button and try to figure out the solution yourself rotating the faces with the buttons or with your keyboard.

The app is using the open-source Kociemba algorithm to find the solution in 20 steps for any valid scramble. For slower computers the program automatically reduces the computing performance to return a little longer solution.

How To Use The Rubik's Cube Solver?

1. Pick a view

Start by selecting the most suitable view for you with the little tabs above the cube. The default 3D view can be customized, setting transparent front faces or you can lift the hidden faces. Rotate the cube with the arrows or swiping the screen.

There are two unfolded views which show each faces which helps setting up the scrambled configuration.

2. Set up the scrambled cube

There are many ways to set the scrambled cube.

The easiest way is to use the color picker. Select a color on the palette then paste it on the surface of the puzzle. Click more than once on a field to deactivate the color palette and cycle through the colors as you keep clicking the fields of the puzzle.

Do face rotations on the puzzle using the rotation buttons or pressing the corresponding buttons on your keyboard: L, R, U, D, F, B. The capital letters indicate a clockwise rotation of each face: Left, Right, Up, Down, Front, Back. It makes a counterclockwise turn if the letter is followed by an apostrophe.

Execute or play back a scramble algorithm in the allocated input field. Copy-paste the list of letters because the program might execute the rotations as you're typing them directly in the field. Mark reverse rotations with lowercase letters or single quotation marks (').

Make the program generate a random shuffle with the Scramble button or revert to the solved position at any time clicking Reset.

3. Calculate the solution of the Rubik's Cube

When the scrambled colors are properly configured and are matching your Rubik's Cube click the Solve command to get the solution. The cube solver will alert you if your configuration is not correct.

Pressing the Solve button will leave the scramble page open and open the solution page in a new browser tab. This will allow you to come back to make adjustments if something is wrong.

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